Variable compression ratio

Variable compression ratio CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND THEORY OF ENGINES 1.1 VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO (VCR) ENGINE 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO ENGINE Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) is a system which is used to adjust the compression ratios of the internal combustion engine. In simple terms, it changes the combustion chamber size of the cylinder according to various different operating conditions such as speed, load, acceleration and torque. Car emissions and fuel economy are two challenges for the automotive sector in which VCR engine is a very decent technology approaching low fuel consumption and pollutant emission reduction. The car manufacturers have to look forward for more thermally efficient and less polluting engine. In present world the automotive sector spends over millions of dollars for approaching low emission as well as low fuel consumption cars. Various different ways are been discovered such as hybrid cars, fuel cell cars, solar cars and many more as future development. VCR engine would practically prove to be boon for automotive sector (Evolution Perspectives). The Fixed Compression Ratio (FCR) engine has a fixed compression ratio without any kind of change in the size of the combustion chamber in cylinder. The FCR engines have high emissions due to the fact that when it comes to high speed or load, FCR use more fuel which produces more emissions but VCR engine provides increase in the fuel efficiency under varying loads and speed. Most of the cars used recently are Spark plug (SI) or diesel Ignition engines. The different ways the SI engine can increase its efficiency is by higher compression ratio, reducing throttle losses, low friction, variable timing valve and down-sizing. The concept of VCR engine significantly contributes its benefits to thermo-dynamic efficiency. The concept of the VCR is that it continuously operates at different compression ratio as per the need of the performance. The change in the combustion chamber volume continuously takes place with the varying in the compression ratio. Therefore the thermodynamic advantages are been encountered through the engine map. At low level of power, VCR engine drives at higher compression ratio which can capture high fuel efficiency and at the high power levels the VCR engine runs at low compression ratio to prevent knocking. Unlikely as FCR engine, the VCR engine keeps the engine temperature more or less at the optimum with high combustion efficiency. It tends to keep high power at the same engine dimensions (Amjad Shaik, 2007). 1.1.2 ADVANTAGES OF VCR ENGINE Today the â€Å"environmental safety† is a very big issue which is been concerned by many industries throughout the world. When it comes to the automobile sector, due to high ethical measures they have high amount of responsibility towards environment. All car manufacturing industry are targeting eco-friendly vehicles and down-sizing engine which can lead to the better living environment. In this case VCR engine has many improvements and benefits over FCR engine. All that is possible by the VCR is not been possible by FCR engine in terms of power output as well as overall efficiency. Some remarkable evaluation perspectives of VCR engine: Compression ratio adjustment does not allow â€Å"knocking†, and allows extreme torque and specific power with great driving conditions. At part loads the VCR engine functions under high compression ratio (up to 16:1 or 17:1) which provides better fuel efficiency compared to FCR engine. By retaining in best combination between Ignition advance and compression ratio, VCR engine reduces emission pollutant even under extreme supercharging pressure. VCR engine tends to keep the thermodynamic temperature of the engine low compared to FCR by working under preferable compression ratio range and avoid engine heating. It permits increasing load-speed range which can result to effectiveness in lean-mixtures. The temperature and pressure controls which can permit combustions under ultra-lean mixtures and to set the auto-ignition timing precisely. The overall efficiency of the vehicle increases with pleasant driving conditions. 1.1.3 EXISTING VCR ENGINE CARS Today, in automobile sector there are various different companies who are spending billions of dollars on the green car. The aim to keep the environment clean need the cars to lower down their emission and the car manufacturers are spending major of their finance on the research and development. The company are developing no. of different ways that can help them to minimise the car emissions and hence make an eco-friendly car. Honda Company Ltd; has shown some documents to the World Congress unfolding their development in the recent times when it comes to variable compression ratio engine. They are developing a compact VCR model which will use inertia force of the piston to switch the compression ratio between high and low stages (Concept: Honda RD Developing Variable Compression Ratio Engine with Dual Piston Mechanism, 2009). Secondly SAAB has approached to make a very innovative and efficient VCR engine. At Geneva Motor Show, SAAB had reviled its VCR model which is called as the SVC (Saab Variable Compression) engine. The new innovative concept was more fuel efficient and the concept was totally new. The performance of the engine was far better than before with combination of reduced engine displacement and unique system of variable compression ratio enabling the engine to be more powerful and efficient than before. The fuel consumption of the car is reduced by 30% while the carbon emissions reduced as well. The CO, NOx and HC emission will meet all the future regulations (Saab Variable, 2008). The SVC engine system would not allow any kind of external or internal friction to the engine under operation which can tend to increase losses. The engine combustion chamber would not be detoriate by any kind of system interference (Miller, 2001). Nissan has been developing a kind of piston-crank mechanism by the help of which the system to enable the variable compression ratio of the engine, unlike the static compression ratio which was taking place as the other cars. The system optimises the engine rpm with the compression ratio and can easily vary with the car driving speed which results in optimum combustion all time and raising output and fuel economy (Nissan). This all information really conveys that the automotive sector is keenly looking forward for various ways and innovative mechanism which can prove to be boon for the future car market as well as eco-friendly environment. 1.2 FIXED COMPRESSION RATIO (FCR) ENGINE 1.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO FIXED COMPRESSION RATIO ENGINE A fixed compression ratio engine is a normal engine which recent cars have. The compression ratio of the combustion chamber remains the same throughout the operation. Particularly they do not have any disadvantages but when we compare it with the VCR engine than they have high fuel consumption as well as emissions. An engine is the main component of the car on which the major amount of car efficiency is depended. The major number of cars on the road is fuel cars, gasoline or diesel cars. The function of car engine is to convert the fuel (gasoline) into motion by which the car moves. The car is running through fuel combustion, so the engines are known as Internal Combustion Engines. It is known as Internal Combustion Engine because it consists of a combustion chamber in which the combustion of fuel occur using oxidiser, usually air. (Brain, 2010). 1.2.2 FOUR-STROKE INTERNAL COMBUSTION (I.C) ENGINE The four stroke engine consists of four different strokes- Intake stroke Compression stroke Combustion stroke Exhaust stroke The Piston moves downwards form the top dead centre (TDC) to the bottom dead centre (BDC) reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. Suction phenomenon takes place where the mixture of fuel and air is forced to get in to the cylinder through the intake port for future combustion process. The intake valve is open in intake stroke where the exhaust valve is closed. As soon as intake stroke completes the intake valve closes down. 2. COMPRESSION STROKE Compression stroke is the second stroke of the combustion process. In combustion process the inlet and the exhaust both the valves remain close. The piston is moves upwards to the top dead centre of the cylinder to compress the air-fuel mixture. This makes an explosion in the cylinder and helps the combustion to take place. This complete stroke is known as the compression stroke. 3. EXPANSION STROKE Expansion stroke is also known as the power stroke. In this stroke both intake and exhaust valve remain close. When the piston is at the top dead centre, the ignition takes place in the combustion chamber usually with the help of spark plug. The air-fuel mixture ignites and results in to massive pressure and this pressure drives the piston back to the bottom dead centre with a huge force. This complete stroke is called the power stroke because at this stroke of the whole cycle the power erupts and engines torque is able to drive the car. Power stroke is the most important stroke of the complete cycle in which the ignition takes place leading to power to the engine. 4. EXHAUST STROKE Exhaust Stroke is the final stroke of the cycle. In this stroke the inlet valve remains closed and the exhaust valve opens. The piston which is at the bottom dead centre once again goes to the top dead centre position while the valve is open. The action helps to though out the product of the combustion from the cylinder outside through help of the exhaust pipe. With the completion of the exhaust valve the completion of the combustion cycle takes place. (Brain, 2010) 1.3 COMPRESSION RATIO The Compression Ratio of an internal combustion engine is the ratio of the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at the bottom dead centre position divided by the volume of the combustion chamber when piston is at the full compression position. In simple terms it is also known as the swept volume (Compression ratio, 2010). The compression ratio of an engine should be higher. Higher the compression ratio, the engine is able to extract more energy form the given mass of the air-fuel mixture because of the higher amount of thermal efficiency. The increase in the power takes place at the moment of ignition and more net work can be achieved by expanding the hot gases at a greater degree. There is major disadvantage while keeping the compression ratio higher is that make the gasoline engine subjected to engine knocking. In technical terms it is also known as detonation. It is mainly caused by using poor quality fuel. Detonation can cause the engine to reduce its overall efficiency, damage the engine parts and even can result to engine failure. CR = compression ratio Vd = displacement volume Vcv = clearance volume CR = Displacement Volume+Clearance VolumeClearance Volume Compression Ratio = Vd+ VcvVcv CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF VCR PROTOTYPE MODEL 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING VCR PROTOTYPE The variable compression ratio prototype is already been made by the previous student working. The driving mechanism is well made and is practically operational. The mechanism is very simple. The driving mechanism of the prototype is just an understanding of the overall system and helps to analyse different moving parts. The modifications been done are on the way the system has to be driven. The mechanism was been driven manually or by using an electric motor. The system has to be modified and designed to be driven pneumatically. The complete prototype helps to demonstrate the complete system visually. The theoretical part of the VCR is a bit more complicated, so the visual model really focuses and gives a very clear idea about the whole mechanism as well individual parts. The mechanism shows the rotating shaft motion conversion to the linear motion of the piston-cylinder mechanism driven manually, electrically or pneumatic sources. The variable compression mechanism is been attached to the system by which the angles of connecting rod lever can be changed which helps to change the travel length of the piston in the cylinder. The change in piston travel length tends to change the swept volume which is technically known as the compression ratio. The mechanism is designed is a way that the compression ratio can be changed easily any time even when the system is running. The angle of eccentric adjustment is given a range from 0 ° to 60 ° where it can change compression ratio to certain extends. 2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF VCR PROTOTYPE The working of the prototype is very simple. The working principle is that the angular motion of the shaft is been converted in to the linear motion of the piston-cylinder. A simple mechanism of the variable compression ratio is adjoined to the overall system. The variable compression ratio mechanism in the system allows the driving mechanism to change various angles by help of which the length of the stroke of piston changes which can change the overall swept volume. Hence the change in swept volume results in the variation in compression ratio. NOTE: The figure shows the working principle of the prototype by giving more knowledge about the moving parts and their connection. Detailed drawing is been given further in the report. The driving mechanism consists of various different moving parts as described in the part list. The extension shaft rotates at an angle of 360 ° which results to one to and fro motion of the piston. Once the extension shaft rotates, the motion is been transferred to the Crank shaft. The crank shaft transfers the motion to the eccentric journal bearing through the help of connecting rod and lever. At that position the angle of the eccentric mechanism decided the length of stroke of piston. This motion hence results into linear motion of the piston-cylinder mechanism by help of sliding mechanism connection. The piston than moves and completes a two stroke cycle by one revolution of shaft. 2.3 MOTION TRANSFER STUDY A simple overview of the motion transfer from one part of mechanism to the other is been shown. DRIVING SOURCE ROTATING SHAFT CONNECTING ROD MOTION ECCENTRIC JOURNAL BEARING MOTION SLIDING MECHANISM CONNECTION LINEAR MOTION OF PISTON-CYLINDER 2.4 PART LIST OF PROTOTYPE MODEL PART LIST OF VCR DRIVING MECHANISM Part No. Part Name Quantity 1 Cylinder Head 1 2 Cylinder Block 1 3 Piston 1 4 Roller Bearing 3 5 Sliding Mechanism Connection 1 6 Eccentric Journal Bearing 2 7 Connection Rod Lever 1 8 Connection Rod 1 9 Crank Shaft 1 10 Crank Shaft Mounting 1 11 Extension Shaft 1 12 Nut Bolt 12 NOTE: The above part list is made on the basis of the system without any sort of driving mechanism modifications. The source of driving is manually which helps us to analyse the movement of prototype parts and is simple understanding of the mechanism. 2.5 COMPONENT MATERIAL SELECTION The variable compression ratio prototype is overall well designed. The completely prototype is a compact model and has an appropriate function. The mechanism of VCR is well managed when it comes to design part. The design is kept simple and easy to understand. The assembly of all components is done in a way that it is easy to disassemble and individual moving parts can be analysed. It is clear that the system is a complete assembly of many working parts. There are lots of parts which are been assembled using welding, or by using nuts and bolts. Some of the parts are been manufactured in the laboratory and some are been obtained from the suppliers due to time and material constraints. The parts which are been obtained directly from the dealer: Connecting Rod Roller Bearings Crank Shaft Connecting Rod Lever Eccentric Bearing Nuts and Bolts The parts which are been manufactured in the laboratory: Piston Cylinder Block Prototype foundation (wooden base) Extension Shaft (Attached to electric motor) Supporting bars for assembly COMPONENT AND THEIR MATERIAL Part No. Part Name Material 1 Cylinder Head Plastic 2 Cylinder Block Plastic 3 Piston Plastic 4 Roller Bearing Plastic 5 Sliding Mechanism Connection Steel 6 Eccentric Journal Bearing Steel 7 Connection Rod Lever Forged Steel 8 Connection Rod Forged Steel 9 Crank Shaft Forged Steel 10 Crank Shaft Mounting Aluminium 11 Extension Shaft Cast Iron 12 Nut Bolt Mild Steel Material Selection Criteria As we can see the material been used in the prototype are metals and have high resistivity to high temperature and external or internal stresses. They do not have a tendency to deform under small loading conditions which really helps to keep the alignment and working of the prototype without any problems. The components are directly available in the market and it save a lot of time as well as money which can be spending innovating miscellaneous ideas. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VCR PROTOTYPE Every product or its prototype has some positive as well as negative aspects. The positive features are those which favour the users and the negative aspects are those which create some kind of errors or functional faults. POSITIVE CHARACTERISTICS DESIGN The complete system is designed in a way that it is really appreciated. The design is compact, easy to analyse and low weight. Even though the material used in most of the parts is metals but even though the overall prototype does not exceed a lot. Looking at the individual design in detail: The existing VCR prototype consist INTRODUCTION TO PNEMATIC SYSTEM Pneumatic is a branch of technology which enables the pressurised gas to affect mechanical motion. Pneumatic system is the system which helps to pressurise gas and convert the pressure of gas in to mechanical motion. There are many industry which use pneumatic systems for various purposes. The compressor is used to compress air and this force of air is used for the various purposes such as dentistry, construction, automobile, mining and many more. Pneumatic system is basically a fixed system which is installed in factories that have application of compressed air for various purposes. Usually the moisture is been removed from the air and small quantity of oil is been added in it as lubrication to the moving parts. The basic pneumatic system is most efficient when the theoretical calculation prove basic three things: Amount of force applied by the actuator Can that force be able to move the desired load The speed at which the load can be moved Components of Basic Pneumatic System Part A Compressor: The compressor is the main component of all. It is a pump which compresses air. It simply raises the pressure of compressed air and supplies it to the pneumatic system. Part B Check valve: Check valve is simple one way valve. This valve allows the compressed air which is having high pressure to enter the pneumatic system. It does not allow the back flow of air again in to the compressor. Part C Accumulator: Accumulator is known as the storage tank of the system. It stores the compressed air and hence helps to supply it to system as per the requirement and relieves the duty cycle of compressor. Part D Directional Valve: The directional valve gives the direction to the compressed air and controls the flow of air from source to port selected. This can be done manually or might be used sensors or electrically to give better precision. Part E Actuator: Actuator is the device which concerts the force (energy) of compressed air into the mechanical motion. (Elements of Basic Pneumatic system, 2003) Working of Pneumatic system Atmospheric air is been drawn in to the air filter in which the air is been filter. The foreign material, duct particles are been removed and pure air is achieved. The air then passes to the compressor where it gets compressed to a certain required pressure. The vapour and humidity is been removed making air dry and pressurised. Then the air is passed to the reservoir where the pressured air is been stored and can be readily available when required. It is known as accumulator. Many companies tend to compress air in a huge compressor and then store it in different storage reservoirs at different places without any kind of pressure (energy) loss. The pressure development is been depended on the size and capacity of the compressor. There are many safety devices used in the system like valves and sensors which readily help to ensure complete safety of the system. After it is stored in the reservoir it is been used whenever and wherever required using control valve which can help to control the flow of pressurised air and help to use the energy to convert to mechanical motion.

Cacther In The Rye Essay -- essays research papers

JD Salinger, also known as Jerome David Salinger, is an American novelist and short story writer. Critics and readers alike recognize Salinger as one of the most popular and influential writers. His only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, drew such great attention during the fifties and sixties that those years have been called the age of Holden Caulfield (Contemporary Literary Critiscm, Vol. 12). Salinger is a master of contemporary dialect and idiomatic expression. He created in Holden Caulfield a character who became the prototype of alienated adolescence for an entire generation of Americans. The Catcher in the Rye has been banned even recently from a few libraries, schools, and bookstores for the starkness of its language and attitudes and the realism of some of its settings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Salinger has fallen out of critical favor because of his sentimentality, it is generally agreed that Catcher has yet to be surpassed in its portrayal of the pains and pleasures of a youth searching for love and direction. In all his work Salinger draws upon the experience of his own life. For instance, his parents shared the same backgrounds as do those of his fictive Glass family. An undistinguished student, Salinger flunked out of private high school. His family sent him to Valley Forge Military Academy, the model the Catcher’s Pencey Prep (Contemporary Literary Criticism Vol. 3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield, is one of these American heroes, but with a significant difference. He seems to be engaged in both sorts of quests at once; he needs to go home and he needs to leave it. Unlike the other American knight errants, Holden seeks Virtue second to love. He wants to be good. When the little children are playing in the rye-field on the clifftop, Holden wants to be the one who catches them before they fall off the cliff. Like these American heroes, Holden is a wanderer, for in order to be good he has to be more of a bad boy than the puritanical Huck could have imagined. Holden has had enough of both Hannibal, Missouri, and the Mississippi; and his tragedy is that when he starts back up the river, he has no place to go- save, of course, a California psychiatrist’s couch (Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 12).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden’s quest takes him outside socie... ...oment always becoming a segment of the past. Holden views his life as being in a state of continual change. Since a developed intellect is needed to realize immutable conceptions, and since Holden’s â€Å"thinking† is limited to his sense of the mutability of life, Holden remains trapped within time, unable to recognize anything permanent in human existence (Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One might conclude by stressing that Holden is talking, not to an analyst, but to you, the reader. Holden is talking directly to anyone who might be as â€Å"troubled morally and spiritually† as Holden was about the nature of this world in which everyone exists. He offers his narration of The Catcher in the Rye as a record of his troubles for anyone who might wish to learn from his experiences. As Mr. Antolini says, â€Å"It’s a beautiful reciprocal arrangement. And it isn’t education. It’s history. It’s poetry.† (Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Work cited Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 3 Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 8 Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 12 Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 5

Important People

Franklin D. Roosevelt- He was the first president who understood how to use media and the radio. He made speeches on the radio called Fireside chats. He made about 28- 33 of these. He was elected to office four times. In one of his speeches he talked about how there was more employment now than 4 years ago. He used radio to give his own points of view and defend the New Deal. Used radio because it was intimate. Superman/ Clark Kent- Cartoon (sept. 18, 1942) superman takes the war to the enemy in a time that we could not do it. He did something that they were incapable of doing, defeating the enemy. he was fighting the military (not TERRERISM) not blowing business building just military items. He represents our country. Clark Kent is supermans alter ego who is a reporter for the Metropolis newspaper, The Daily Planet. Herman Goering- (1893 – 1946). He was a German politician, military leader, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. Among many offices, he was Hitler's designated successor, and commander of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force). He was a veteran of WWI as an ace fighter pilot, and a recipient of the coveted Pour le Merite (â€Å"The Blue Max†). He was the last commander of Jagdgeschwader I, the air squadron of Manfred Von Richthofen â€Å"The Red Baron†. After the WWII he was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sentenced to death by hanging, but committed suicide by cyanide ingestion the night before he was due to be hanged. Max Fleischer- (1883 – 1972) He was an American animator. He was a pioneer in the development of the animated cartoon and served as the head of Fleischer Studios. He brought such animated characters as Betty Boop, Koko the Clown, Popeye, and Superman to the movie screen and was responsible for a number of technological innovations like the idea of the rotoscope which was a concept to simplify the process of animating movement by tracing frames of live action film. Lois Lane- she is a reporter for the Metropolis newspaper, The Daily Planet. She represents our individual attitudes. She is willing to die for what she believes in and is a hero. She represents American stubbornness and she’s a hero because she never once calls for help. Iva Toguri- (1916 –2006) She was an American citizen who participated in English-language propaganda broadcast transmitted by Radio Tokyo to Allied soldiers in the South Pacific during World War II. Although on the â€Å"Zero Hour† radio show, Toguri called herself â€Å"Orphan Ann,† she quickly became identified with the moniker â€Å"Tokyo Rose†, a name that was coined by Allied soldiers and that predated her broadcasts. William Joyce- (1906 – 1946) He was nicknamed Lord Haw-Haw and was a fascist politician and Nazi propaganda broadcaster to the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He was hanged for treason by the British government as a result of his wartime activities. Joseph Goebbels- (1897 –h 1945) was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As one of German dictator Adolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers, he was known for his zealous oratory and anti-Semitism. He was the chief architect of the Kristallnacht attack on the German Jews, which historians consider to be the commencement of the Nazi violence culminating in the Holocaust. From our notes: he said to Hitler that he needed to sell his ideas and form an enemy. Neville Chamberlain (1869 – 1940) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. When Adolf Hitler continued his aggression, Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, and Chamberlain led Britain through the first eight months of World War II. Hughes flying Boat H-4 (hk-1) Hercules (â€Å"Spruce Goose†)- was a prototype heavy transport aircraft designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft company. The aircraft made its only flight on November 2, 1947. Built from wood because of wartime raw material restrictions on the use of aluminum, it was nicknamed the â€Å"Spruce Goose† by its critics. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built, and has the largest wingspan and height of any aircraft in history. It survives in good condition at the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, USA.

The Theory Of Object Hood - 1244 Words

The concept of object hood is innate, and can be found very early on in infancy. By Name Institution Course Tutor Date The concept of object hood is innate, and can be found very early on in infancy The ability of children to detect object starts from their early stages of life. Different researchers have come up with different models explaining how children perceive objects and how that perception changes over time as they grow older. Tracing of objects according to Piaget’s research is found to start developing slowly over the first 2 years of human life. Different to Piaget’s research, these abilities start as early as 4 months or 2 months of birth according to Hespos and Baillargeon. Spelke in his research concluded that these abilities of tracing objects are innately found in children. As a child develops they become more sophisticated and they interconnect easily. Researchers suggest that a child’s understanding developed from experiences which they undergo but also they are born with some understanding of the world. Piaget’s account of object permanence Piaget claims that infants do not conceive objects which have independent existence. Infant’s perspective of objects is that objects pop in and out of existence in a child’s sense. Before the age of eight or nine months, infants won’t be able to search for a toy hidden under a cloth in front of it. Therefore Piaget concluded that objects seize to exist in a child’s mind because according toShow MoreRelated Psychology Religion: The Spirtual Side to Counseling Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional journals giving an outlet to psychological study of religion, and the apparently increasing availability of college classes focusing on psychology of religion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Psychologists who study religion, however, address â€Å" an object whose reality can be received only in the state of faith† (p.32). the act of belief is critical to religious knowledge and experience. In psychology, skepticism is an enduring value, but in religion it is an intermediate step on the pathway to beliefRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesSeveral psychological theories and approaches like the behavioral, humanistic, psychoanalytic, biological, and cognitive approaches have been developed to explain the development psychology. 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